Functionalism is a perspective within psychological and sociological research that focuses on the role of mental processes and behaviors in enabling people to adapt to their environments. Originating in the late 19th century, functionalism proposes that every aspect of society and individual behavior serves a function that contributes to the stability and continuity of a functioning society. In psychology, this approach was championed by William James, who argued that mental processes must serve a practical purpose for individuals to adapt and thrive.

Functionalism views the mind as a complex system through which internal processes are organized in a way that is advantageous to the individual. It emphasizes understanding the utility of psychological phenomena rather than just their structure. For example, emotions and thoughts are seen not merely as psychological states but as functions that help an individual deal with challenges and opportunities in their environment.

This perspective laid the groundwork for later theories and fields of study, including evolutionary psychology and behavioral sciences, by stressing the importance of the environment and adaptation in understanding human behavior and mental processes. Functionalism has influenced educational systems, work practices, and psychological therapies by highlighting the adaptability of individuals and the functionality of mental processes in coping with life's demands.